Summary of comparative organization of the human (HSA), pig (SSC), cattle (BTA), Indian muntjac (MMV), horse (ECA), harbor seal (PVI), cat (FCA), American mink (MVI), and mouse (MMU) genomes. Each human chromosome presented herein is denoted with a specific color, which is used for those chromosomes/chromosomal regions in the other seven species; these have been identified as homologous by use of human CSLs as paints. Mouse, the second most densely mapped species, is included solely for comparative purposes. Each chromosome bears a species-specific number below the respective ideogram. A list of hitherto mapped genes (where available) is presented beside each ideogram. The gene mapping data were retrieved from genome databases of the respective species [human: GDB (http://gdbwww.gdb.org); pig: PigBase (http://www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk/pigmap/pigbase/pigbase.html); cattle: BovMap (http://138.102.88.140/cgi-bin/bovmap/intro.pl); Gao and Womack 1997; Yang et al. 1998; horse: Raudsepp et al. 1996; S. Godard, L. Schibler, A. Oustry, E. Cribiu, and G. Guerin, unpubl.; T. Lear, M.H. Adams, K.J. McDowell, N.D. Sullivan, L. Coogle, E. Ferguson Jr., T.M. Chambers, and E. Bailey, unpubl.; A.T. Bowling and L. Millon, pers. comm.; muntjac: Levy et al. 1992; cat: O’Brien et al. 1997; mouse: MGD (http://www.informatics.jax.org)]. In human and mouse, only those genes mapped in the other seven species have been included. Arrows (e.g., in figures F,G,K) indicate that the detected homology can be further traced for specific arms or regions, with the help of the available gene mapping data. The comparisons are classified into three major categories. (A–C, Conservation of whole chromosome synteny) Chromosomes that tend to be conserved as a single chromosome/block in most of the species studied. These chromosomes correspond to HSA13 (A), HSA17 (B), and HSA20 (C). (D–I, Large conserved segments) Chromosomes that show conservation either as a single chromosome (or arm/segment of a chromosome) or as two major blocks on different chromosomes. These chromosomes correspond to HSA9 (D), HSA11 (E), HSA2 (F), HSA6 (G), HSA4 (H), and HSA5 (I). (J–M, Neighboring segment combinations) Chromosomes that show conserved contiguous synteny in the majority of the species studied but correspond to two chromosomes in the human. Chromosomes corresponding to HSA3 and HSA21 (J), HSA16 and HSA19 (K), HSA12 and HSA22 (L), and HSA14 and HSA15 (M) are included in this category (see text for details). A line in the mouse section separates loci common to individual human chromosomes involved in the combinations.
