Hierarchical architecture of neo-sex chromosomes and accelerated adaptive evolution in tortricid moths

Comparison of molecular evolution rates among chromosomal elements on neo-Z. (A,B) Violin plots of gene-wide ω on different chromosomal elements within the SA fusion (Tortricidae) and non-SA fusion (outgroups) clades. Significant differences from Mann–Whitney U tests (α = 0.01) are marked using uppercase letters. The horizontal lines show the medians. (C,D) Molecular evolution rate (ω) of different chromosomal elements. The term ω_0,1, indicates sites under purifying selection (ω₀) or neutral evolution (ω₁) in both Tortricidae and the outgroups. The term ω_2a,2b, indicates sites under purifying selection (ω_2a) or neutral evolution (ω_2b) in the outgroups but under positive selection in the Tortricidae.