Loss of male-biased genes after the evolution of hermaphroditism preferentially affects de novo candidates. (A) Protein domain overrepresentation analysis reveals multiple protein domains that are enriched in orthogroups with sex-biased expression in P. arcanus. (B,C) The heatmaps next to the schematic phylogeny show the 10 most abundant presence/absence patterns for orthogroups with sex-biased expression. (D) Gene loss in the hermaphroditic P. pacificus preferentially affects male-biased genes but not in the gonochoristic P. exspectatus. (E,F) De novo candidates are overrepresented among predicted losses of male-biased (E) and female-biased (F) orthogroups in either P. pacificus or P. exspectatus.
