A systematic study of gene expression variation at single-nucleotide resolution reveals widespread regulatory roles for uAUGs

mRNA and protein expression of wild type and uAUG mutant. (A) A box-plot of protein expression between genes without uAUG and genes with one uAUG. (B) Comparison of the reporter protein expression driven by regulatory sequence between wild type and uAUG mutant in 21 genes. (C) mRNA expression quantified by qRT-PCR. (D) Protein expression quantified by YFP reporter gene. In C and D, the expression of wild type is normalized to 1, and the expression of the uAUG mutant is compared with its correspondent wild type. (Dark blue) Wild type in BY4742 strain; (light blue) uAUG mutant in BY4742 strain; (yellow) wild type in upf1-Δ strain; (brown) uAUG mutant in upf1-Δ strain.