Preference of DNA Methyltransferases for CpG Islands in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Abstract

Many CpG islands have tissue-dependent and differentially methylated regions (T-DMRs) in normal cells and tissues. To elucidate how DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) participate in methylation of the genomic components, we investigated the genome-wide DNA methylation pattern of the T-DMRs with Dnmt1-, Dnmt3a-, and/or Dnmt3b-deficient ES cells by restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS). Approximately 1300 spots were detected in wild-type ES cells. In Dnmt1^-/- ES cells, additional 236 spots emerged, indicating that the corresponding loci are methylated by Dnmt1 in wild-type ES cells. Intriguingly, in Dnmt3a^-/-Dnmt3b^-/- ES cells, the same 236 spots also emerged, and no additional spots appeared differentially. Therefore, Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a/3b share targets in CpG islands. Cloning and virtual image RLGS revealed that 81% of the RLGS spots were associated with genes, and 62% of the loci were in CpG islands. By contrast to the previous reports that demethylation at repeated sequences was severe in Dnmt1^-/- cells compared with Dnmt3a^-/-Dnmt3b^-/- cells, a complete loss of methylation was observed at RLGS loci in Dnmt3a^-/-Dnmt3b^-/- cells, whereas methylation levels only decreased to 16% to 48% in the Dnmt1^-/- cells. We concluded that there are CpG islands with T-DMR as targets shared by Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a/3b and that each Dnmt has target preferences depending on the genomic components.