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  1. ...regions increased during aging (Fig. 1B,C). In addition, the expressed intron levels of individual nonoverlapping genes increased (Supplemental Fig. S1A,B). In contrast, the fraction of exonic RNA-seq reads decreased during aging (Fig. 1D). These results indicate that aging is associated...
  2. ...with increasing numbers of introns between the joint exons (Supplemental Fig. S7). About 94% of circRNAs (238/254) originated from genes containing three or more exons (Supplemental Fig. S8), in line with reports that flanking introns facilitate circularization (Jeck et al. 2013; Ivanov et al. 2014; Liang...
  3. ...RNAs (circRNAs) is promoted by complementary Alu repeats in flanking introns (Dubin et al. 1995; Liang and Wilusz 2014; Zhang et al. 2014; Ivanov et al. 2015). Not surprisingly, these Alu repeats are hyperedited, and knockdown of ADAR1 increases the levels of a subset of circRNAs (Ivanov et al. 2015...
  4. ...for investigation into its noncanonical functions.Toward this, we performed a systematic analysis of single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) and chromatin accessibility (scATAC-seq) data to characterize XIST expression in male and female tissues from healthy human individuals, including data from child and adult hearts...
  5. ...splicing, known as back-splicing, stitches the 3′ end of a downstream exon to the 5′ end of an upstream exon via a back-splicing junction (BSJ), forming a closed circular structure called circular RNA (circRNA). Both canonical and back-splicing junctions may experience alternative splicing; consequently...
  6. ...the circRNAs that match exon boundaries. Confirming previously reported results (Jeck et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2014; Ivanov et al. 2015), Figure 2C shows that introns next to circRNA regions are significantly larger than introns not adjacent to circRNAs: on average 2.33 and 2.27 times larger, respectively...
  7. ...selection—namely, cassette exon, intron retention, alternative 5′ splice site, and alternative 3′ splice site—can all be found in circRNAs (Zhang et al. 2016). Because the function of a circRNA depends on its exact sequence, for example, in determining the presence of miRNA response elements (MREs...
  8. ...—can further expand the known atlas of immunogenic dsRNAs and characterize their roles in different cell types and cellular conditions. These methods may also be adapted to facilitate the identification of immunogenic circRNAs and ncRNAs, which, to our knowledge, has not previously been subject to review...
  9. ...Genome Research www..org Figure 1. An upgraded computational pipeline (CIRCexplorer2) to systematically identify alternative (back-)splicing in back-spliced circular RNAs (circRNAs). (A) Schematic diagrams of two types of alternative back-splicing. Colored bars, exons. Black lines, introns. Red polylines...
  10. ...; Rahimi et al. 2021). CircRNAs also present challenges to representation in standard linear browsers to identify their distinct biology compared to linear RNA species. An analogous challenge applies to intragenic trans-spliced RNAs, where a transcript contains noncollinear splicing, e.g., exons may...
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