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  1. ...sequences, SeedSearcher ( Barash et al. 2001 ; Fagnani et al. 2007 ) was employed. This algorithm searches for enrichment of motifs of variable length and composition in test sequences relative to control sequences. In order to exclude the 5′ splice site consensus sequence, searches were conducted at each...
  2. ...at cis-regulatory elements (Lago et al. 2021; Shen et al. 2021; Spiegel et al. 2021; Georgakopoulos-Soares et al. 2022a,d), including in promoters, enhancers, and CTCF binding sites, whereas in higher eukaryotes, they have also emerged in proximity to splice sites to modulate alternative splicing...
  3. ...on the genomic sequence with canonical splice-site recognition was used. Within the ORF, all differences were identified as either synonymous or nonsynonymous by using the protein-coding sequence of the MGC clones. The differences, which correspond to known mRNA variations recorded in dbSNP v. 117 ( http...
  4. ...this characteristic by measuring average conservation in introns on an individual nucleotide level across the seven species described above using the program phyloP (Pollard et al. 2010). We focused on the 23 nt adjacent to each splice site, because this length would still partition our smallest introns (∼40 nt...
  5. ..., splice site variants, and deletions, are easily recognized yet only account for a limited part of the genetic variance for complex phenotypes, including production traits. It is increasingly apparent that most of the genetic variation for complex traits is owing to regulatory variants that act either...
  6. ..., propensity to form local secondary structure, splice site strength scores, conservation scores, and nucleosome positioning scores (Supplemental Table S9A). This feature information was used to train a three-layer deep neural network (DNN) tasked with predicting whether an intron belonged in Group A, B, C...
  7. ...simulated data sets. Thus, the following additional tests were made based on data set S1. First, as is known, for the simulated data set, the ground truth was known with certainty. Therefore, we further ran HISAT2 via using the options ‐‐ss and ‐‐exon, which, respectively, provided the splice sites...
  8. ...-regulated differential expression was observed, indicating that TIPs influence host genes in both directions. Such influences may result from novel enhancers, transposases, alternative splice sites, or polyadenylation signals imbedded in TE insertions, some of which may be of adaptive significance or may contribute...
  9. ...for regulating the protein activity (Bhattacharyya et al. 2020). Moreover, all the s-exons defined by ThorAxe are conserved at least as far as amphibians. The smallest s-exon (25_1) contains only one column of alanines and corresponds to a well-documented internal splice site (Sloutsky and Stratton 2020...
  10. ...-exons are highly conserved across vertebrates and mammals at the sequence and exon inclusion levels, respectively. Analysis of 7949 brain-expressed micro-exons revealed that constitutively spliced (CS) micro-exons possess strong genomic signatures predicted to facilitate splicing, including stronger splice-site...
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