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  1. ...affecting mildly to strongly constrained positions (RS > 1), 78 are nonsynonymous substitutions and 840 are synonymous or noncoding (Fig. 4B; Supplemental Table S2). Noncoding variants are particularly prevalent among sites with weaker constraint, but even among the most constrained positions (RS > 3, N...
  2. ...from a common ancestor, substitutions compatible with that function are likely to be represented in extant sequences; conversely, conservation among extant homologs implies that evolutionary variation has been consistently rejected owing to functional or structural constraint (Kimura 1983). The logic...
  3. ...for the association. A number of methods have been developed to identify deleterious and/or disease-causing mutations within protein-coding sequences. These methods predict whether an amino acid altering mutation is deleterious or disease causing based on physicochemical properties (Grantham1974), population...
  4. ...and sporadic cancers. The GAA missense mutations and their Pompe’s disease severity classification were obtained from http://cluster15. erasmusmc.nl/klgn/pompe/mutations.html. The 278,179 human polymorphisms were obtained from the phase 1 analysis of the 1000 Genomes Project, at http://ftp.1000s.ebi.ac.uk/vol1...
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