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  1. ...to each PWM using a log-likelihood ratio score with a third-order Markov background model parameterized based on the local GC content. Corresponding orthologous positions in mouse and rat s were evaluated similarly and a weighted average of the human, mouse, and rat log-likelihood scores at aligned...
  2. ...with the orthologous sequence in other placental mammals. In the case of dog, cat, cow, and pig, we were able to confirm that this prediction was in fact valid >75% of the time (see Methods). For the human–mouse–rat alignments, a more empirical scoring matrix and cutoff threshold were implemented (for details, see...
  3. ...genes, the classic local alignment methods would yield n2 alignments between all pairs of these. Despite some of the disadvantages, local alignments were used for comparison of the human and mouse s (Ma et al. 2002; Schwartz et al. 2003) and for the human/mouse/rat three-way alignments (Blanchette et al...
  4. ...., and Chiaromonte, F. 2004 . Regulatory potential scores from -wide three-way alignments of human, mouse and rat. Genome Res. 14 : 700 –707. ↵ Lander, E.S., Linton, L.M., Birren, B., Nusbaum...
  5. .... , Hardison, R.C. , Chiaromonte, F. ( 2004 ) Regulatory potential scores from -wide three-way alignments of human, mouse, and rat . Genome Res. 14 : 700 – 707 . ↵ Korf, I. , Flicek, P. , Duan, D. , Brent, M.R. ( 2001 ) Integrating genomic homology into gene structure prediction . Bioinformatics 17 : S...
  6. ..., such as exons and CRMs, align among human, mouse, and rat s ( Waterston et al. 2002 ; Gibbs et al. 2004 ), but many CRMs fail to align between human and chicken ( Hillier et al. 2004 ). Statistical methods that score multiple sequence alignments to find highly constrained elements are being developed...
  7. ...restricted ourselves to five vertebrate organisms for which assembled and annotated s are available in the Ensembl database ( Clamp et al. 2003 )as follows: human, rat, mouse, fugu, and zebrafish. We used data from TransFac database ( Matys et al. 2003 )to build a reference set of regulatory sites...
  8. ...-species variability compared to TFindependent genes across taxa and TFs (Kolmogorov-Smirnov one-tail test: HNF4A mean across species P = 0.67; CEBPA mean across species P = 3.63 10#1;2; FOXA1mean across species P = 0.35). We obtained similar results when we extended our analysis to include BL6 to rat evolutionary...
  9. ..., alignment, and structural RNA migration artifacts (Supplemental Fig. S1). We use whole sequences of two rodents (mouse and rat), two primates (human and macaque), and a close carnivore outgroup species (dog). By examining sequences conserved between human, macaque, and dog, with no orthologous DNA in either...
  10. ...sequences were assessed using the UCSC ‘‘Conservation’’ and ‘‘73 Reg potential’’ tracks, respectively. The 73 regulatory potential scores are computed from alignments of human, chimpanzee, macaque, mouse, rat, dog, and cow s using log-ratios of transition probabilities from two variable order Markov models...
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