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  1. ...that the two chimpanzee species became reproductively isolated in allopatry ∼850 Kya, while Western and Central chimpanzee populations split ∼440 Kya but continued to exchange migrants. Similarly, Eastern and Western gorillas and Sumatran and Bornean orangutans appear to have experienced gene flow since...
  2. ...exploration of variation among species in the relative roles of positive and negative selection shaping genomic patterns of polymorphism. Finally, our contrasts between multiple reproductively isolated lineages demonstrate explicitly the confounding effect of ancestral polymorphism on an inference of RAM...
  3. ...ancestral effective population sizes (Na) for the human–chimpanzee ancestor (NHC), human–chimpanzee–gorilla ancestor (NHCG), and human– chimpanzee–gorilla–orangutan ancestor (NHCGO). (B) Inferred speciation time in millions of years ago (Mya) between: human and chimpanzee lineages (τH-C), divergence leading...
  4. ...maintain species-level distinctiveness (Roca et al. 2005; Good et al. 2008; Ellegren et al. 2012; Garrigan et al. 2012; Toews and Brelsford 2012; Cahill et al. 2013, 2014; Cui et al. 2013; Martin et al. 2013; Kutschera et al. 2014; Sullivan et al. 2014). However, incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) is assumed...
  5. ...for these populations with any certainty. Incomplete lineage sorting As discussed above, local genealogies discordant with the species phylogeny, due to incomplete lineage sorting (ILS), are expected to Figure 5. Aligned human (Hum), chimpanzee (Pan), gorilla (Gor), and orangutan (Pon) sequences, showing substitutions...
  6. ...and natural selectionThe time of divergence (i.e., branch lengths) between human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, macaque, marmoset, tarsier, galago (a.k.a. bush baby), and mouse lemur was obtained from 10kTrees, which uses Bayesian inference to estimate these (Arnold et al. 2010). Measures of natural...
  7. .... Hobolth A, Dutheil JY, Hawks J, Schierup MH, Mailund T. 2011. Incomplete lineage sorting patterns among human, chimpanzee, and orangutan suggest recent orangutan speciation and widespread selection. Genome Res 21: 349–356. Huerta-Cepas J, Capella-Gutierrez S, Pryszcz LP, Denisov I, Kormes D, Marcet...
  8. ...the relationships among humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans. He or she unwisely follows Witherspoon’s protocol exactly and targets Alu elements from the Yb8/9 family. As a result, they will find a plethora of insertions in the human but nothing of interest from any of the other taxa because these families...
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