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  1. .... Moreover, the spatial organization of TF binding sites in the is an important feature of transcriptional regulation. Multiple binding sites for a single TF, known as homotypic clusters of TF binding sites (HCTs), are statistically enriched in proximal promoters and distal enhancers (Gotea et al. 2010...
  2. ...Manqi Zhou1, Hongyang Li1, Xueqing Wang and Yuanfang Guan Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA ↵1 These authors contributed equally to this work. Corresponding author: gyuanfan@umich.eduAbstractTranscription factors (TFs...
  3. ...of transcription factor binding sites are a key component of human promoters and enhancers. Genome Res 20: 565–577. doi:10.1101/gr.104471.109 ↵Heidari N, Phanstiel DH, He C, Grubert F, Jahanbani F, Kasowski M, Zhang MQ, Snyder MP. 2014. Genome-wide map of regulatory interactions in the human . Genome Res 24: 1905...
  4. ...borders (in BG3 BEAF-32RNAi and BG3 Cp190RNAi ChroRNAi), there is less DNA accessibility and transcription, indicating that these borders are in a repressed chromatin state (Fig. 4B; Supplemental Fig. S8B).Maintained borders are associated with active promoters and enhancers, whereas lost borders...
  5. ...enhancer activity (Ballester et al. 2014). To identify these regions, 1-kb segments bound by at least one transcription factor from the following set of nine transcription factors—POU5F1, SOX2, NANOG, KLF4, KLF2, ESRRB, SMAD1, STAT3, and TFCP2L1—in mouse were clustered based on active enhancer features...
  6. ...search for their target sites. We show that this assumption can improve the prediction of the mean-independent component of expression noise for our designed promoter sequences, suggesting that a transcription factor target search may affect gene expression noise. Consistent with our findings in designed...
  7. ...mainly relied on detection of clusters of binding sites specific to activator proteins for which appropriate tissue specificity has been previously reported (Thompson et al. 2004; Segal et al. 2008). In Drosophila, the homotypic structure of enhancers, withmultiple transcription factor binding sites...
  8. ...genes (Banerji 1981). Enhancer activity ismodulated by interactions between sequence specific DNA binding proteins and sequence elements in the enhancer. Since individual transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) can be relatively short and degenerate, TFBSs tend to be clustered to achieve precise...
  9. ...2013), homotypic clusters of binding sites (Dror et al. 2015), cooperative binding of the TF with its partners (Wang et al. 2006; Liu et al. 2016), condition-specific chromatin context (Wang et al. 2006; Heintzman et al. 2009; Gheldof et al. 2010; Kumar and Bucher 2016), and local DNAproperties (Dror...
  10. ...in Supplemental Tables S5–S8. Gene targets that coincide between the two mammals are highlighted in yellow. Multiple binding sites associated with a single gene are clearly observed, reinforcing the concept of homotypic clustering (Gotea et al. 2010). To characterize the identified sets of mouse and human genes...
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