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  1. ...in female heterogametic systems.Chromosomal sex determination is widespread in animals, having originated multiple times in different lineages (for reviews, see Bachtrog et al. 2014; Graves 2016). For example, birds have a female-heterogametic sex chromosome system in which males are homozygous for the Z...
  2. ...that dosage compensation efficiency is not affected by the proximity of genes to a YY1 binding. Moreover, the enrichment of male-biased hypomethylated regions on the P. picta sex chromosome is associated with genomic regions containing YY1 DNA binding motifs and not with regions containing gene promoters...
  3. ...(Dai et al. 2024), among others.In contrast to the stable and heteromorphic sex chromosomes in many clades, homomorphic sex chromosomes predominate in some vertebrate groups, with ∼96% of amphibians and 90% of fishes exhibiting sex chromosomes that do not differ noticeably in size and shape (Eggert...
  4. ...and Diamond 1998). Among squamates, snakes represent an enriched system for studying a number of extreme or unique biological features. For example, snakes are an emerging model system for studying sex chromosome evolution, given their lack of apparent global dosage compensation (Vicoso et al. 2013...
  5. ...during later stages of spermatogenesis such as meiosis (Vibranovski et al. 2009; Gan et al. 2010). Furthermore, new genes with testis- or male-biased expression tend to be preferentially located on theX or Z chromosome inDrosophila (Zhang et al. 2010a), mammals (Zhang et al. 2010b), and chicken (Ellegren...
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