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  1. .../A, termed its ‘‘reverse complement,’’ and similarly G/C from its reverse complement C/G, using signs we hence can equivalentlywrite#2;A/T=T/A,#2;T/A =A/T,#2;G/C =C/G, and#2;C/G = G/C. A DNA sequence is a member of the set p#3;= n=0 p n of finite sequences over the alphabet p. We write xi to represent...
  2. ...conserved blocks. Programs compared for homology accuracy are ClustalW ( Thompson et al. 1994 ), BLASTZ ( Schwartz et al. 2003 ), DiAlign ( Morgenstern 1999 ), and Lagan ( Brudno et al. 2003a ). Limits on the homology accuracy in Figure 3A are for DNA segments in which all positions are evolving strictly...
  3. ...sequence with rearrangements permitted in the other sequence. Although Shuffle-LAGAN's alignment approach works for pairwise comparison, an extension of the method to multiple sequences has not yet been suggested. MultiPipMaker, based on BLASTZ, is a tool that can align multiple s to a single reference...
  4. ...study of pairwise alignments of genomic DNA at human–mouse divergence. We find that >15% of aligned bases are incorrect in existing whole-genome alignments, and we identify three types of alignment error, each leading to systematic biases in all algorithms considered. Careful modeling...
  5. ...and Multi-LAGAN: Efficient tools for large-scale multiple alignment of genomic DNA. Genome Res. 13 : 721 -731. ↵ Burge, C. and Karlin, S. 1997 . Prediction of complete gene structures in human genomic DNA. J. Mol. Biol. 268 : 78 -94. ↵ Chakrabarti, K. and Pachter, L. 2004 . Visualization of multiple...
  6. ...that the unknown protein shares function with the landmark protein. Figure 6 shows an example of functional annotation through both pairwise and multiple network alignment. The pairwise alignment between E. coli and C. crescentus ( Fig. 6A ) shows a conserved DNA replication module. This includes the components...
  7. ...Comparative Sequencing Program. 2003a . LAGAN and Multi-LAGAN: Efficient tools for large-scale multiple alignment of genomic DNA. Genome Res. 13 : 721 -731. ↵ Brudno, M., Malde, S., Poliakov, A., Do, C.B., Couronne, O., Dubchak, I., and Batzoglou, S. 2003b . Glocal alignment: Finding rearrangements during...
  8. ...of the methods. Pecan implements the same basic objective function as the amino acid aligner Probcons ( Do et al. 2005 ) does. We briefly review this function. Let π represent the basic symbol alphabet (i.e. { A , C , T , G } for DNA). A sequence represents a member of ∪ π i , where π i represents the set of all...
  9. ...., and Rubin, E.M. 2003 . Phylogenetic shadowing of primate sequences to find functional regions of the human . Science 299 : 1391 -1394. ↵ Brudno, M., Do, C.B., Cooper, G.M., Kim, M.F., Davydov, E., Green, E.D., Sidow, A., and Batzoglou, S. 2003 . LAGAN and Multi-LAGAN: Efficient tools for large-scale...
  10. ...assembly as the reference sequence. In sharp contrast to several other available global multiple-sequence alignment tools, the threaded blockset alignment strategy implemented by Mulan detects and properly processes DNA rearrangements often characteristic of synteny among distantly related s. Also...
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