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  1. ...to breed characteristic traits. To enhance detection of trait associations, potentially functional variants in constrained genes were analyzed for their association with signatures of breed differentiation.Breed-differentiated regions were defined as 50 kb genomic windows of extreme FST that overlapped 1...
  2. ...). Several inversions also have variable frequencies between continents, although only FST values of HsInv0389 are within the top 5% of the expected distribution (Supplemental Table S6; Giner-Delgado et al. 2019). Finally, the inclusion of longer inversions strengthened the negative correlation between...
  3. ...variants in 9434 cases and 9434 controlsSignatures of selection among PTVsWe calculated FST (Weir and Cockerham 1984; Akey 2002) to identify PTVs that exhibit high variation in allelic frequencies between Chinese (CHN, n = 19,973), non-Finnish Europeans (NFE, n = 33,370), and Africans (AFR, n = 5203...
  4. ...expression in the X Chromosome compared to the autosomes, suggesting that we are at least as powered to detect eQTLs in the X Chromosome as we are in the autosomes. We also compared the MAF, FST, and expression levels of detected eQTLs and observed that X Chromosome eQTLs have lower MAFs (0.19 versus 0.23; t...
  5. ...(FST) (Weir and Cockerham 1984), and integrated haplotype score (iHS) (Voight et al. 2006). By using data from the 1000 Genomes Project (The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium 2012), we observed that most GMAS SNVs had positive Tajima’s D values that are often statistically greater than controls...
  6. ...is reflected in a global Fst of 0.213, suggesting greater partitioning of 8p23-inv frequency variance between populations than within populations (Holsinger and Weir 2009). Pairwise Fst values (estimated in the Human Genome Diversity Project [HGDP]) also strongly correlate with the geographic distance between...
  7. ...heritable phenotype. Additionally, SPCs improve rare variant association analyses, reducing genomic inflation (e.g., from 7.6 to 1.2 in one analysis), and provide more accurate heritability estimates. Spatial autocorrelation analysis further confirms the ability of SPCs to account for environmental effects...
  8. ...window Figure 3. Relationships between genetic differentiation measured from common variants (FST), rare variants (f2), and geography. (A, lower triangle) FST heatmap illustrating genetic divergence between pairs of populations. (Upper triangle) Heatmap of f2 comparisons of doubleton counts between pairs...
  9. ...significant categories are shown). Enrichment map was created with the emapplot function in the R package enrichplot. (D) Distribution of average per-gene FST values for genes that (1) were found to be AA in most (more than two of three) cellular environments or (2) had no effects on ancestry in any cellular...
  10. ...-2008, the mobile element ICESpn23FST81, and the cps operon were all detected. The only major locus not detected was the psrP gene. This gene mostly consists of short two to three amino acid serine-containing repeats, and hence, this low complexity repeat sequence that is longer than the split k-mer length cannot...
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