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  1. ..., the poly(A) signal is an AAUAAA hexamer, but we recently found that the deeply branching eukaryote Giardia lamblia uses a distinct hexamer (AGURAA) and lacks any known auxiliary elements. Our discovery prompted us to explore the evolutionary dynamics of poly(A) signals and auxiliary elements...
  2. ...eukaryotic species were extracted from the RefSeq database (National Center for Biotechnology Information, NIH) unless another database is specified (Supplemental Table S1). The species used in this study with abbreviations are as follows (also see Supplemental Table S1): Giardia lamblia (Gl), Trypanosoma...
  3. ...-celled parasite Giardia lamblia ( Nixon et al. 2002 ) and its close relative Carpendiemona membranifera ( Simpson et al. 2002 ), and a core spliceosomal protein gene ( Prp8 ) is remarkably conserved between metazoans and the deep-branching protist Trichomonas vaginalis ( Fast and Doolittle 1999 ). Our finding...
  4. ...independently in plant and animal lineages (Axtell et al. 2011). Most information about miRNAs is frommulticellular organisms, although they are also present in unicellular organisms, including the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Molnár et al. 2007; Zhao et al. 2007), protozoans Giardia lamblia (Saraiya...
  5. ...the Sarcocystidae were multiple instances of the annexin domain (PF00191). The domain has been implicated with a range of functions. In the diplomonad parasite Giardia lamblia, it is thought to regulate cytoskeletal dynamics during cyst transition (Bauer et al. 1999). From the coccidian EST libraries, annexin...
  6. ...such as Plasmodium, Trypanosoma , and Giardia , such a repertoire of proteins is considered important not only for adhesion but also for evasion of host defenses ( Nash 1997 ; Ramasamy 1998 ; Barry and McCulloch 2001 ). High mutation rates in the genes encoding these proteins are a crucial part of generating...
  7. .... Indeed, the diplomonad Giardia lamblia appears to be the outgroup not only to other eukaryotic but also to all retroelement-encoded RNH domains. Is this (acquisition of an RNH domain from an early eukaryote) yet another example of replacement of a preexisting RNH domains, as hypothesized for retroviruses...
  8. ...signals at the root of the eukaryotic tree, based on a maximum parsimony reconstruction applied to the 5′ss and the BS. Evolution of the PPT The evolution of the PPT splicing signal and its functional importance in eukaryotes have been poorly addressed by previous studies. By using comparative genomics...
  9. ...., Morrison, H.G., McArthur, A.G., Sogin, M.L., Loftus, B.J., and Samuelson, J. 2002 . A spliceosomal intron in Giardia lamblia . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 99 : 3701 -3705. ↵ Ostertag, E.M. and Kazazian, H.H. 2001 . Biology of mammalian L1 retrotransposons. Annu. Rev. Genet. 35 : 501 -538. ↵ Palmer, J...
  10. ...) and Trypanosoma brucei ( Evers et al. 1989 ; Smith et al. 1989b ). In addition, the largest subunit of RNA polymerase III has been cloned from Plasmodium falciparum ( Li et al. 1991 ) and Giardia lamblia ( Lanzendoerfer et al. 1992 ), but unlike the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, for which the human...
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