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  1. ...://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.References ↵Arribere JA, Gilbert WV. 2013. Roles for transcript leaders in translation and mRNA decay revealed by transcript leader sequencing. Genome Res 23: 977–987. doi:10.1101/gr.150342.112 ↵Brown JB, Boley N, Eisman R, May GE, Stoiber MH, Duff MO, Booth BW, Wen J, Park S, Suzuki AM, et al...
  2. ...to the inclusion or exclusion of sequence elements such as upstream open reading frames (uORFs), which alter mRNA stability and translational efficiency (Calvo et al. 2009; Barbosa et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2016; Kurihara et al. 2018). Large-scale shifts in TSS usage are also prevalent in various developmental...
  3. ...for translation factors (Van Nostrand et al. 2020). High-dose RNase treatment resulted in RNA fragments with decreased lengths, stronger enrichment in coding regions of mRNAs, and depletion of those mapped to 3′ UTRs and introns (Fig. 1C–E; Supplemental Fig. S1B). For example, the binding fragments...
  4. ...suggests that the LTM treatment performed in this study did not trigger a significant hypoxic response and likely affected the translation initiation of few, if any, transcripts.With the obtained sequencing data sets, we mapped the reads and determined the LTM, CHX, and mRNA read densities per base along...
  5. ...exonic coding or canonical splice site impact. In contrast, the lack of highthroughput, unbiased approaches for functional assessment of most noncoding variants has bottlenecked gene discovery. We report the integration of transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), which surveys all mRNAs to reveal functional...
  6. ...contain operons that are transcribed to produce poly-cistronic pre-mRNA. Nematodes also use trans-splicing to add a short (22 nt) leader sequence to the 59 end of most (;70%) mRNA transcripts (Blumenthal 2005). There are twomajor types of spliced leader in C. elegans: SL1 and SL2. SL1 is most common...
  7. ...either to unique sequences or to a broad spectrum of different mRNA transcripts (Fig. 6). For the mRNA-matching endosiRNAs, the majority are in the antisense orientation (Fig. 6A,B). Most of these RNAs start with G and are of two distinct lengths, 22 nt and 26 nt (Fig. 6A). Based on the orientation...
  8. ..., Cormican P, Morris DW, Shatsky IN, Baranov PV. 2015. Translation of 5′ leaders is pervasive in genes resistant to eIF2 repression. eLife 4: e03971. ↵Arribere JA, Gilbert WV. 2013. Roles for transcript leaders in translation and mRNA decay revealed by transcript leader sequencing. Genome Res 23: 977...
  9. ...with those with a pyrimidine (49.2%) (Fig. 3E; Supplemental Fig. S7C).Some uncapped transcripts could be generated by premature reverse transcription (RT) stops or 5′−3′ decay of mRNA, generating “false TSSs.” If uncapped transcripts have more pyrimidines than purines at their first site, it could introduce...
  10. ...length and sequence of 5′ UTR are generated. Different lengths of 5′ UTR may have different mRNA folding structures, which would change their thermostability. Modulation of mRNA stability is a critical step in the regulation of gene expression. In eukaryotic cells, the decay rates of individual mRNAs...
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