APOBEC3A drives deaminase mutagenesis in human gastric epithelium

Genomic and epigenomic distribution of APOBEC3A-associated mutations. (A) Correlations between epigenetic markers and A3A-associated substitutions. (B) Fold change of mutation rates of A3A-associated SNVs across genomic regions grouped by replication timing. Data are presented as mean ± 95% confidence interval. (C) Mutation rates on the leading and lagging DNA strands during replication. Statistical significance was determined using a χ² test: (****) P < 0.00005. (D) Fold change of mutation rates of A3A-associated SNVs across genomic regions grouped by transcription. Data are presented as mean ± 95% confidence interval. (E) Mutation rates on the transcribed and untranscribed DNA strands during transcription. Statistical significance was determined using a χ² test: (***) P < 0.0005. (F) Mutation rates across subgenic regions (5′-UTR, introns, protein coding sequences [CDSs], and 3′-UTR) in hGO_iA3A clones (left) and TP53KO-hGO_iA3A clones (right). Red dashed line, average genome-wide mutation rate.