X- and Z-linked gene content conservation across eight insect orders. (A) Bar plot showing the proportion of X/Z genes in other species represented in the L. migratoria genome. The segment in black is the one interpreted as X/Z gene content conservation. The second column shows the gene proportion of each chromosome in L. migratoria. Genome comparisons include the following (Iele) Ischnura elegans (Chauhan et al. 2021), (Spic) Schistocerca piceifrons (NCBI:GCA_021461385.2), (Sgre) Schistocerca gregaria (Verlinden et al. 2020), (Toce) Teleogryllus oceanicus (Pascoal et al. 2020), (Tcri) Timema cristinae (Parker et al. 2022), (Nlug) Nilaparvata lugens (Ye et al. 2021), (Lstr) Laodelphax striatellus (Zhu et al. 2017), (Sfur) Sogatella furcifera (Wang et al. 2017), (Pven) Pachypsylla venusta (Li et al. 2020), (Apis) Acyrthosiphon pisum (Li et al. 2020), (Rmai) Rhopalosiphum maidis (Chen et al. 2019), (Ccar) Chrysoperla carnea (NCBI:GCA_905475395.1), (Pcha) Pogonus chalceus (NCBI:GCA_002278615.1), (Ppyr) Photinus pyralis (Fallon et al. 2018), (Rful) Rhagonycha fulva (NCBI:GCA_905340355.1), (Tcas) Tribolium castaneum (Tribolium Genome Sequencing Consortium 2008), (Pser) Pyrochroa serraticornis (NCBI:GCA_905333025.1), (Csep) Coccinella septempunctata (NCBI:GCA_907165205.1), (Haxy) Harmonia axyridis (Chen et al. 2021a), (Hill) Hermetia illucens (Generalovic et al. 2021), (Dmel) Drosophila melanogaster (Celniker et al. 2002), (Cpom) Cydia pomonella (Wan et al. 2019), (Hmel) Heliconius melpomene (Davey et al. 2016), and (Bmor) Bombyx mori (Lu et al. 2020). For details about statistical analysis of conservation and phylogenetic reconstruction, see Supplemental Tables S3–S5 and Methods. (B) Circos plot showing synteny analysis of X-linked genes across five insect orders: (SPX) S. piceifrons X, (TCX) T. castaneum X, (APX) A. pisum X, (CCX) C. carnea X, and (HIX) H. illucens X.
