Accurate bacterial outbreak tracing with Oxford Nanopore sequencing and reduction of methylation-induced errors

Table 1.

Overview of R (A – G) and Y (T – C) base ambiguity for 264 isolates from 32 species, sequenced with Oxford Nanopore Technologies using Kit 14

Species Total samples Samples with >50 ambig. P Mean R (A – G) ambiguity per sample (min/max) Mean Y (T – C) ambiguity per sample (min/max) Motif type Reference
Achromobacter xylosoxidans 1 0 (0%) 6 4 NA a
Acinetobacter baumannii 15 5 (33.33%) 22.53 (0/109) 19.87 (0/83) NA a
Acinetobacter junii 1 1 (100%) 279 223 CARATG
CATYTG
a
Acinetobacter mesopotamicus 1 1 (100%) 53 28 NA a
Acinetobacter radioresistens 1 1 (100%) 175 150 RA
TY
a
Acinetobacter soli 1 0 (0%) 12 11 NA a
Bordetella pertussisd 40 0 (0%) 0.1 (0/1) 0.2 (0/1) NA (Wagner et al. 2023)
Chryseobacterium arthrosphaerae 1 0 (0%) 13 7 NA a
Chryseobacterium gleum 1 1 (100%) 218 217 RACGC
GCGTY
a
Citrobacter freundii 3 3 (100%) 145.67 (49/329) 137.67 (39/319) CRATGTCGACATYG a
Citrobacter portucalensis 2 2 (100%) 29 (26/32) 29 (28/30) RA
TY
a
Enterobacter cloacae 1 1 (100%) 153 162 NA a
Enterobacter hormaechei 5 1 (20%) 15.60 (4/45) 15.60 (6/42) NA a
Enterococcus faecalis 10 10 (100%) 250.40 (223/275) 249.00 (210/270) TRAG
CTYA
c
Enterococcus faecium 19 2 (10.53%) 15.74 (0/27) 14.63 (0/28) RACC
GGTY
(Dabernig-Heinz et al. 2024)b
Escherichia coli 8 3 (37.50%) 31.38 (2/118) 29.31 (4/111) NA a
Escherichia flexneri 10 9 (90%) 49.10 (19/88) 44.70 (18/88) RAT
ATY
a
Klebsiella aerogenes 1 0 (0%) 22 17 NA a
Klebsiella michiganensis 1 1 (100%) 56 42 NA a
Klebsiella pneumoniae 70 38 (54.29%) 97.04 (3/835) 92.47 (3/847) RACG
CGTY
(Viehweger et al. 2021)a,b
Klebsiella oxytoca 1 0 (0%) 5 9 NA a
Listeria monocytogenes 17 3 (17.65%) 37.94 (0/514) 40.82 (0/557) NA b
Micrococcus luteus 1 1 (100%) 172 220 CRAC
GTYG
a
Proteus mirabilis 1 1 (100%) 45 43 CRAC
GTYG
a
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 19 6 (33.33%) 389.17 (0/2251) 387.56 (0/2290) AARACC
GGTYTT
a
Pseudomonas asiatica 2 1 (50%) 145 (0/290) 144.50 (0/289) CCRA
TYGG
a
Pseudomonas stutzeri 1 0 (0%) 14 16 NA a
Salmonella enterica 2 1 (50%) 41.5 (7/76) 42.5 (7/78) NA a
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 1 1 (100%) 229 171 TACRAC
GTYGTA
a
Serratia marcescens 4 4 (100%) 107.75 (68/178) 99.5 (67/171) CCRA
TYGG
a
Shewanella algae 2 2 (100%) 71.5 (37/106) 50 (32/68) NA a
Staphylococcus aureus 20 8 (40%) 23.35 (0/99) 23.35 (0/97) RACC
GGTY
b
  • Only chromosomal contigs were analyzed, and only “superaccurate” basecalling models were used. Chromosomes were coverage-masked by N if below a read depth of 10×. N positions were not considered for the table to avoid overestimating one base ambiguity.

  • aSequenced strains received from Leibniz-Institute of Photonic Technology, Optisch-Molekulare Diagnostik und Systemtechnologie.

  • bSequenced strains received from Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz.

  • cOwn samples from the Jena University Hospital.

  • dSequenced with Kit 12; resequencing via Kit 14 showed no differences.

This Article

  1. Genome Res. 34: 2039-2047

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