Vocal learning bird AR convergence. (A) Venn diagram of convergent acceleration between vocal learning bird clades. All pairwise overlaps are significantly enriched compared to random overlap (hypergeometric P < 0.05). (B) Genomic distribution of ARs convergent between two or more vocal learning bird groups. Two hotspots of acceleration (red) exceed the 95th percentile of permutation tests (horizontal line at 5 ARs/Mb) indicating significant enrichment of convergent ARs. Listed in these peaks are two candidate convergent vocal learning genes. (C) Expanded view of the highest density convergent AR hotspot, which is on the Z sex chromosome (present in both males and females). The distribution of all genes is shown in blue bars, genes with ARCHS4 Z-scores greater than 5.0 (NR2F1 and MEF2C) are highlighted on the lower gene track in red bars. Below are densities of ARs within the hotspot for each vocal learning bird lineage (single species): oscines (green), parrots (orange), and hummingbird (pink; because there is only one hummingbird AR in this region, the pink is not visible at lower resolutions). Convergent ARs are shown on a lower track in blue.
