Pyrethroid-resistance genotype frequencies. The geographical distribution of pyrethroid insecticide–resistance genotypes are shown by population. Pie chart colors represent resistance genotype frequencies: purple, these individuals were either homozygous or heterozygous for one of the two kdr pyrethroid target site resistance alleles Vgsc-L995F/S; yellow, these individuals carried a copy number amplification within any of the Cyp6p/aa, Cyp6m, Cyp6z, or Cyp9k gene clusters but no kdr alleles; orange, these individuals carried at least one kdr allele and one Cyp gene amplification; and gray, these individuals carried no known pyrethroid-resistance alleles (no kdr alleles or Cyp amplifications). The Guinea A. coluzzii population is omitted owing to small sample size.
