Demographic history and divergence time of the white rhinoceros. (A) PSMC plot for one northern (KB8174; red) and one southern (KB7062; green) white rhinoceros genomes with highest coverage (15× and 14×, respectively), assuming a generation time (g) of 8 yr, a mutation rate (µ) of 2.5 × 10−8, and a false-negative rate of 6% due to low coverage. Lighter lines represent 100 bootstrap samples. (B) Site-frequency spectra of the four northern (KB3731, KB5763, KB6571, KB8174) and four southern white rhinoceroses used for the ∂a∂i analysis, showing the number of SNPs with the respective allele count in each subspecies. (C) The best-supported ∂a∂i model showing divergence of the two rhinoceros populations with low rates of migration and population growth. Ancestral effective population size (Na), current effective population sizes for the northern (nuN) and southern (nuS) white rhinoceros, and the split of both populations (Tsplit) are shown.
