Figure 1.
Study design. (A) We experimentally elucidated the mutational signature of AFB1 based on whole-genome sequence in four experimental systems: two different AFB1-exposed human cell lines and liver tumors in AFB1-exposed wild-type mice and in AFB1-exposed mice that carried a hepatitis B surface antigen transgene. In total, we examined 48,000 mutations in experimental systems including mutations in cell lines and somatic mutations in mouse tumors. (B) We integrated these experimental results with newly generated genomic HCC data from a geographical region of known aflatoxin exposure and with additional, publicly available human HCC data.
