Indigenous Arabs are descendants of the earliest split from ancient Eurasian populations

Neanderthal ancestry in world populations. F₄ ratio estimation as implemented in ADMIXTOOLS 3.0 (Patterson et al. 2012) was used to calculate the Neanderthal ancestry proportion for each population in the combined data set of Qatari genomes, the 1000 Genomes Project, and Human Origins. The F₄ ratio estimates α, the proportion of Neanderthal ancestry in a population. Shown are the results for populations of interest, including highest and lowest scoring populations from each region (the 1000 Genomes Project, Africa; the 1000 Genomes Project, America; the 1000 Genomes Project, East Asia, the 1000 Genomes Project, Europe, Human Origins, Africa; Human Origins, America; Human Origins, Central Asia/Siberia; Human Origins, East Asia; Human Origins, Oceania; Human Origins, South Asia; Human Origins, West Eurasia), Middle Eastern populations (Human Origins), Q1 (Bedouin), Q2 (Persian-South Asian) and Q3 (African). Populations are color-coded by region, and a distinct color is used for each Qatari population. A full set of results is presented in Supplemental Figure 10 and Supplemental Table XI. The population codes are as in the 1000 Genomes Project (The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium 2012).