Into the blue: Gene duplication and loss underlie color vision adaptations in a deep-sea chimaera, the elephant shark Callorhinchus milii

Rh (Rh1 and Rh2) and LWS (LWS1 and LWS2) visual pigments and the equivalent residues proposed for the ancestral vertebrate (Yokoyama and Radlwimmer 1999; Davies et al. 2007). For each pigment, the expected, observed, and difference (observed minus expected) peak spectral sensitivities are shown. A negative value signifies a spectral shift to the short wavelength end of the visible spectrum. (*) An expected peak spectral sensitivity value of 494 nm for elephant shark LWS1 visual pigments if the spectral effect of the tuning site (His residue) at position 181 is abolished.