Into the blue: Gene duplication and loss underlie color vision adaptations in a deep-sea chimaera, the elephant shark Callorhinchus milii

Absorption spectra of regenerated C. milii (A) rod (Rh1) and (B) cone (Rh2, LWS1, and LWS2) visual pigments. For Rh1 pigments, representative dark (●) and bleached spectra (○) are shown, with difference spectra that have been fitted with a Govardovskii et al. (2000) template (line) in the inset to determine the λ_max value. For Rh2, LWS1, and LWS2 pigments, representative difference spectra are shown that were fitted to Govardovskii et al. (2000) templates to determine the λ_max values. For LWS1 pigments, the spectral peak of absorbance was determined in the presence (continuous line) and absence of chloride ions (dotted line).