
Alternative pathways in the central metabolism of E. coli. Dashed arrows represent condensed reactions. (A) Alternative glyoxylate producing pathway; (B) Entner–Doudoroff pathway; (C) glycerate pathway; (D) GABA-shunt. The lower pathway represents the standard route from oxoglutarate to succinate in the TCA cycle, and the upper pathway depicts the GABA shunt. A list of abbreviations can be found in Supplemental materials S2 and S3.











