Widespread genome duplications throughout the history of flowering plants

K_s distributions of paralogs and orthologs among magnoliids suggest independent duplications and possibly shared genome duplication events in Laurales (Persea) and Magnoliales (Liriodendron). (A,B,C) The K_s distributions for (A) Liriodendron, (B) Persea, and (C) Saruma, with fitted lines based on the mixture model analysis. (D) The K_s distribution for Liriodendron and Persea, without scaling for rate differences between lineages. (E) K_s distribution for paralogs in Liriodendron after rate calibration (adj = adjusted), compared with that of Persea, suggesting recent independent duplication and older shared genome-scale duplications. (F) K_s distribution for orthologs of two magnoliid species. (Ltu) Liriodendron; (Pam) Persea; (She) Saruma. (G) Phylogeny of one representative orthologous gene set used for relative rate estimates. The branch lengths show the estimated relative rates of synonymous evolution in respective species.