
Only clones with open reading frames survive on ampicillin. The D1.3 scFv, or an out-of-frame derivative, were cloned into pPAO2, and bacteria were plated on different concentrations of chloramphenicol or ampicillin with or without 1% glucose. Chloramphenicol resistance is encoded by the backbone of the plasmid, whereas ampicillin resistance is generated by the presence of in-frame fusions (see Fig. 2). Clone survival on ampicillin is expressed as a percentage of the number of clones growing on chloramphenicol.











