
Neighbor-joining tree depicting genetic affinities among Indian ethnic populations based on (A) mitochondrial RSP haplotype frequencies, (B) Y-haplogroup frequencies, (C) Y-STRP frequencies, and (D) autosomal markers. The social [(UC) upper caste, (MC) middle caste, (LC) lower caste, (TR) tribal] and linguistic [(AA) Austro-Asiatic, (DR) Dravidian, (TB) Tibeto-Burman, (IE) Indo-European] background of each population is color-coded; the key to the color codes is given on the top right-hand corner.











