Table 3.
Theorized Modes of TE “Self”-Regulation and Evolution
| Type of regulation/evolution | Example | Reference |
| Targeted insertion | Gene-proximal regions in C. elegans | Holmes 1998 |
| Heterochromatin vs. euchromatin | A. thaliana centromeric regions | Okamoto and Hirochika 2001 |
| Interactions between subfamilies | Tc1 variants in C. elegans | Holmes 1998 |
| Interactions between autonomous and nonautonomous elements | Tc1 hitchhikers inC. elegans | Holmes 1998 |
| Changes in transposase-DNA specificity | Tc1/mariner and relatives | Holmes 1998; Lampe et al. 2001 |
| Mutations destroying autonomy | Deletion products of D. melanogaster P elements | Engles 1996 |
| Alternative splicing | ERV-3 retrovirus in H. sapiens | Larsson et al. 1997 |
| Conversions between TEs and viruses | Invertebrate retroviruses | Malik et al. 2000 |
| Colonization of new host species | Spread of gypsyin Drosophila | Mejlumian et al. 2002 |
