Phylogeny of haplogroup M in India. Phylogenetic relationships between HVR1 haplotypes were estimated by constructing reduced median networks. The size of each node is porportional to the haplotype frequency. Reticulations indicate parallel mutational pathways or multiple mutations. The identities of HVR1 mutations (numbered according to the Cambridge reference sequence +16000; Anderson et al. 1981) that define major haplogroup subsets are depicted along selected internodes. The coalescence estimate of Indian haplogroup-M haplotypes is 48,000 ± 1500 yr, suggesting that Indian-specific mtDNA haplotypes split from a proto-Asian ancestor in the late Pleistocene.
