A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture

• • ¹Estonian Biocentre, Tartu, 51010, Estonia;
  • ²Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia;
  • ³Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia;
  • ⁴Division of Biological Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom;
  • ⁵Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA;
  • ⁶School of Life Sciences and The Biodesign Institute, Tempe, Arizona, USA;
  • ⁷Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia;
  • ⁸Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia;
  • ⁹Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia;
  • ¹⁰Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, Armenia;
  • ¹¹Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia;
  • ¹²Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand;
  • ¹³Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA;
  • ¹⁴Department of Applied Social Sciences, University of Winchester, Winchester, United Kingdom;
  • ¹⁵The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom;
  • ¹⁶Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Genetic Research, University Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tirana, Albania;
  • ¹⁷Center for GeoGenetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
  • ¹⁸Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, Russia;
  • ¹⁹Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia;
  • ²⁰Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
  • ²¹School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA;
  • ²²Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
  • ²³DNcode Laboratories, Moscow, Russia;
  • ²⁴Evolutionary Medicine Group, Laboratoire d'Anthropologie Moléculaire et Imagerie de Synthèse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France;
  • ²⁵Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia;
  • ²⁶Statistics and Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand;
  • ²⁷Centre for Advanced Research in Sciences (CARS), DNA Sequencing Research Laboratory, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh;
  • ²⁸Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK-8000, Denmark;
  • ²⁹Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia;
  • ³⁰Genos, DNA Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia;
  • ³¹University of Osijek, Medical School, Osijek, Croatia;
  • ³²Centogene AG, Rostock, Germany;
  • ³³Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Science, Tashkent, 100143, Uzbekistan;
  • ³⁴Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia;
  • ³⁵Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan;
  • ³⁶Kuban State Medical University, Krasnodar, Russia;
  • ³⁷L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan;
  • ³⁸Center for Life Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan;
  • ³⁹Department of Molecular Genetics, Yakut Scientific Centre of Complex Medical Problems, Yakutsk, Russia;
  • ⁴⁰Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Natural Sciences, M. K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia;
  • ⁴¹Mongolian Academy of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia;
  • ⁴²National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore;
  • ⁴³Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, Russia;
  • ⁴⁴Anthony Nolan, London, UK;
  • ⁴⁵Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, United Kingdom;
  • ⁴⁶RIPAS Hospital, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei;
  • ⁴⁷Scientific-Research Center of the Caucasian Ethnic Groups, St. Andrews Georgian University, Tbilisi, Georgia;
  • ⁴⁸St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, Zabok, Croatia;
  • ⁴⁹Eberly College of Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA;
  • ⁵⁰University of Split, Medical School, Split, Croatia;
  • ⁵¹V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, Ukraine;
  • ⁵²Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, International Burch University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
  • ⁵³Institute of Genetics and Cytology, National Academy of Sciences, Minsk, Belarus;
  • ⁵⁴Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands;
  • ⁵⁵Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia;
  • ⁵⁶Genetics Laboratory, Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, Russia;
  • ⁵⁷Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom;
  • ⁵⁸Integrative Systems Biology Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia;
  • ⁵⁹Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA;
  • ⁶⁰ARL Division of Biotechnology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA;
  • ⁶¹Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA;
  • ⁶²The Henry Stewart Group, London, United Kingdom;
  • ⁶³Vavilov Institute for General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia;
  • ⁶⁴University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsøe, Norway;
  • ⁶⁵Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London, United Kingdom;
  • ⁶⁶Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
  • 67 These authors contributed equally to this work.