dnSNV rates in ART-derived and natural-born mice. (A) A single founder mating pair (G₀; green) produced six G₁ breeders that were used to establish two cohorts, one derived by natural mating (purple) and the other derived through a series of ART procedures (orange). Each cohort consists of two litters of half-siblings. Circles represent females and squares represent males. (B) Box plots showing the median, interquartile range, and full range of dnSNV rates per base pair/generation across G₂ samples. (C,D) Box plots summarizing sample- and cohort-level variation in the relative transition and transversion rates (C) and (D) mutational types (D). In panels B–D, data points derived from G₂ females are depicted as circles, and G₂ males are represented by triangles.