DeCEP achieves robust performance on the normal liver tissue data set. (A) Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and F1 score of detoxification-related gene program characterization using DeCEP and existing methods. (B) ROC curves and corresponding AUC values of DeCEP and existing methods in the adult mouse liver scRNA-seq data. (C) Correlations between individual gene program activity scores and the pseudospace factor in DeCEP and existing methods. (D) Strength of associations between overall gene program activity of detoxification-related gene programs and the pseudospace factor in DeCEP and existing methods. (E) Associations between gene program activity states and hepatic lobule regions in DeCEP and existing methods. The contingency coefficient and Cramer's V are shown.