Table 1.

Computational approaches to identify and quantify mRNA terminal ends in LRS data

ApproachKnown annotationsDe novo identificationTerminal end selectionOrthogonal featuresFull-length statusReference
TAPISOptionalClusteringLongest isoform with shared splice sitesTerminal end A's, terminal end adaptersNo(Abdel-Ghany et al. 2016)
StringTie2OptionalGraph-basedUnknownNoNo(Kovaka et al. 2019)
FLAIRYesClusteringRead densityTerminal end adaptersRead level(Tang et al. 2020)
TALONYesClusteringClusteringTerminal end A'sTranscript level, FSM/ISM/NIC categories(Wyman et al. 2020)
FLAMESYesClusteringAnnotationsSRS RNA-seqNo(Tian et al. 2021)
BambuYesProbabilistic ML modelCategorization and modelingTerminal end A'sRead level and transcript level(Chen et al. 2023)
ESPRESSOYesClusteringSplice junctions of terminal exonsNoRead level and transcript level with FSM/ISM/NIC categories(Gao et al. 2023)
IsoQuantOptionalGraph-basedClusteringTerminal end A'sNo(Prjibelski et al. 2023)
IsoToolsYesGraph-basedPeak calling, read densityNoNo(Lienhard et al. 2023)
SQANTI3RecommendedProbabilistic ML modelCategorization and modelingTerminal end A's, terminal end adapters, SRS RNA-seq, complementary SRS data setsTranscript level, FSM/ISM/NIC categories(Pardo-Palacios et al. 2024a)