Table 2.

Performance comparison between VRPG and other pangenome graph visualization tools

Benchmarking taskGraph sourceGraph typeGraph builderGraph complexity

(N:node; E:edge)
VRPGaBandageGfaVizPanGraphViewer
Graph parsingYeastFull-graphMinigraphN: 37,062

E: 52,756
0.10 sec

64.80 MB
3.50 sec

254.11 MB
247.11 sec

2769.50 Mb
0.22 sec

282.10 MB
Graph parsingHumanFull-graphMinigraphN: 424,643

E: 637,628
0.07 sec

54.44 MB
80.35 sec

10,066.50 MB
NA

(memory cap)
7.83 sec

524.38 MB
Minigraph-CactusN: 80,069,733

E: 110,938,345
0.10 sec

64.73 MB
NA

(memory cap)
NA

(memory cap)
NA

(parsing error)
PGGBN: 110,884,673

E: 154,756,169
0.09 sec

58.26 MB
NA

(memory cap)
NA

(memory cap)
NA

(parsing error)
Graph parsingHumanSubgraph > Chr 22MinigraphN: 9545

E: 14,307
0.01 sec

62.5 MB
1.80 sec

260.15 MB
242.35 sec;

10,083.49 MB
0.19 sec

307.11 MB
Minigraph-CactusN: 1,279,308

E: 1,780,703
0.01 sec

58.16 MB
84.50 sec

2,120.66 MB
NA

(memory cap)
7.88 sec

815.58 MB
PGGBN: 1,124,300

E: 1,568,024
0.02 sec

56.11 MB
71.05 sec

1890.45 MB
NA

(memory cap)
NA

(parsing error)
Graph renderingYeastSubgraph > Chr IV:

1–50,000
MinigraphN: 103

E: 142
0.02 sec

82.96 MB
0.76 sec

105.94 MB
0.12 sec

171.48 MB
1.08 sec

323.73 MB
Subgraph > Chr IV: 1–500,000MinigraphN: 1155

E: 1641
0.02 sec

194.86 MB
1.51 sec

122.36 MB
3.66 sec

324.79 MB
1.68 sec

324.70 MB
Graph renderingHumanSubgraph > Chr 22: 20,000,001–20,100,000MinigraphN: 13

E: 18
0.01 sec

55.24 MB
0.30 sec

103.70 MB
0.16 sec

171.23 MB
0.01 sec

255.26 MB
Minigraph-CactusN: 2248

E: 3106
0.05 sec

219.78 MB
1.81 sec

129.66 MB
13.25 sec

772.58 MB
1.88 sec

339.91 MB
PGGBN: 2252

E: 3116
0.05 sec

237.48 MB
1.68 sec

129.81 MB
14.15 sec

785.69 MB
NA

(parsing error)
Subgraph > Chr 22: 20,000,001–20,500,000MinigraphN: 288

E: 435
0.03 sec

82.78 MB
1.33 sec

111.81 MB
0.36 sec

181.08 MB
1.29 sec

321.28 MB
Minigraph-CactusN: 21,982

E: 30,639
0.18 sec

605.82 MB
19.12 sec

347.27 MB
NA

(memory cap)
7.37 sec

338.50 MB
PGGBN: 66,132

E: 94,595
0.33 sec

1270.61 MB
69.20 sec

766.10 MB
NA

(memory cap)
NA

(parsing error)

[i] aThe format conversion (for Minigraph-Cactus and PGGB graphs) step and index building step were performed in advance and were not included in this benchmarking.