Categories of immune-related epitranscriptomic events and corresponding examples. (A) A-to-I editing by ADAR destabilizes dsRNA structures, inhibiting sensing by MDA5 and the subsequent activation of the IFN signaling pathway. (B) m⁶A modifications of circRNAs facilitate its recognition as “self” RNA, thus preventing RIGI sensing. (C) Pseudouridine and m⁵C modifications within immunostimulatory transcripts can inhibit TLR signaling. (D) m⁵C influences the abundance of transcripts that, in turn, up-regulate immunogenic substrates, such as 7SL. (E) RNA modifications can influence the stability and translation rate of genes associated with interferon responses. (F) m⁶A modification of antiviral transcripts affects nuclear export and subsequent translation. (G) ADAR promotes T cell maturation by mitigating ISG expression, and METTL3 impacts CD4⁺ T cell differentiation into T follicular helper cells by destabilization of Tcf7 transcripts. (H) Modifications that result in amino-acid substitutions could lead to the expression of modified peptides, which could be recognized by T cells when presented on tumor cells. (I) m⁶A modifications of lysosomal proteases affect antigen cross-presentation of dendritic cells. Created with BioRender (https://www.biorender.com).