Overview of bMIND algorithm and CTS differential expression analysis (CTS DE). With prior information from scRNA/snRNA-seq data for case and control subjects, bMIND analyzes bulk RNA-seq data and estimates sample-level CTS expression with a Bayesian approach. Here, we present an example of five cell types (CT1–CT5). In the downstream analysis, as an example, we test the association between CTS expression and phenotype for each gene in each cell type and identify CTS differentially expressed genes (CTS DEGs).