Phylogenetic tree, based on complete mtDNA sequences, for macrohaplogroup N. Origins of subjects are explained in Table 1. The numbers along the links refer to nucleotide positions, arbitrarily written in ascending order. Open boxes are nodes from which other (not shown) sequences branch. A, C, G, and T indicate transversions; whereas “d” indicates deletions and “i” insertions. Nonrecurrent mutations are underlined.