Table 2.

Estimates of evolutionary constraint in CNGs and their 3′ and 5′ 1000-base flanking sequences in hominids and murids


Species comparison

Sequence category

Constraint (SE)
Human-chimp CNGS 0.293 (0.020)
5′- and 3′-flanks 0.0502 (0.011)
Mouse-rat CNGs 0.529 (0.0081)

5′ and 3′-flanks
0.0970 (0.008)

[i] Constraint is estimated from 1 - ΣOE, where O is the observed number of substitutions in a sequence and E is the number expected based on the number of substitutions in flanking sequences 3-10 kb upstream and downstream from each CNG. These flanking sequences exclude other CNGs and their flanks, and coding sequences. The summations are over CNGs. See Methods for details.