RT Journal
A1 Qi, Yiping
A1 Zhang, Yong
A1 Zhang, Feng
A1 Baller, Joshua A
A1 Cleland, Spencer C
A1 Ryu, Yungil
A1 Starker, Colby G
A1 Voytas, Daniel F
T1 Increasing frequencies of site-specific mutagenesis and gene targeting in Arabidopsis by manipulating DNA repair pathways
JF Genome Research 
JO Genome Research 
YR 2013 
FD January 02 
DO 10.1101/gr.145557.112 
SP gr.145557.112 
UL http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2013/01/02/gr.145557.112.abstract 
AB Improved methods for engineering sequence-specific nucleases, including zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and TAL effector nucleases (TALENs), have made it possible to precisely modify plant genomes.  However, the success of genome modification is largely dependent on the intrinsic activity of the engineered nucleases. In this study, we sought to enhance ZFN-mediated targeted mutagenesis and gene targeting (GT) in Arabidopsis by manipulating DNA repair pathways. Using a ZFN that creates a double strand break (DSB) at the endogenous ADH1 locus, we analyzed repair outcomes in the absence of DNA repair proteins such as KU70 and LIG4 (both involved in classic non-homologous end-joining, NHEJ) and SMC6B (involved in sister chromatid-based homologous recombination, HR). We achieved a 5-16 fold enhancement in HR-based GT in a ku70 mutant and a 3-4 fold enhancement in GT in the lig4 mutant. Although the NHEJ mutagenesis frequency was not significantly changed in ku70 or lig4, DNA repair was shifted to microhomology-dependent alternative NHEJ. As a result, mutations in both ku70 and lig4 were predominantly large deletions, which facilitates easy screening for mutations by PCR. Interestingly, NHEJ mutagenesis and GT at the ADH1 locus were enhanced by 6-8 fold and 3-4 fold, respectively, in a smc6b mutant. The increase in NHEJ-mediated mutagenesis by loss of SMC6B was further confirmed using ZFNs that target two other Arabidopsis genes, namely TT4 and MPK8. Considering that components of DNA repair pathways are highly conserved across species, mutations in DNA repair genes likely provide a universal strategy for harnessing repair pathways to achieve desired targeted genome modifications.