RT Journal
A1 Constância, Miguel
A1 Pickard, Benjamin
A1 Kelsey, Gavin
A1 Reik, Wolf
T1 Imprinting Mechanisms
JF Genome Research 
JO Genome Research 
YR 1998 
FD September 01 
VO 8 
IS 9 
SP 881 
OP 900 
DO 10.1101/gr.8.9.881 
UL http://genome.cshlp.org/content/8/9/881.abstract 
AB A number of recent studies have provided new insights into mechanisms that regulate genomic imprinting in the mammalian genome. Regions of allele-specific differential methylation (DMRs) are present in all imprinted genes examined. Differential methylation is erased in germ cells at an early stage of their development, and germ-line-specific methylation imprints in DMRs are reestablished around the time of birth. After fertilization, differential methylation is retained in core DMRs despite genome-wide demethylation and de novo methylation during preimplantation and early postimplantation stages. Direct repeats near CG-rich DMRs may be involved in the establishment and maintenance of allele-specific methylation patterns. Imprinted genes tend to be clustered; one important component of clustering is enhancer competition, whereby promoters of linked imprinted genes compete for access to enhancers. Regional organization and spreading of the epigenotype during development is also important and depends on DMRs and imprinting centers. The mechanism of cis spreading of DNA methylation is not known, but precedent is provided by theXist RNA, which results in X chromosome inactivation incis. Reading of the somatic imprints could be carried out by transcription factors that are sensitive to methylation, or by methyl–cytosine-binding proteins that are involved in transcriptional repression through chromatin remodeling.