RT Journal
A1 Hughes, Jennifer F.
A1 Skaletsky, Helen
A1 Pyntikova, Tatyana
A1 Koutseva, Natalia
A1 Raudsepp, Terje
A1 Brown, Laura G.
A1 Bellott, Daniel W.
A1 Cho, Ting-Jan
A1 Dugan-Rocha, Shannon
A1 Khan, Ziad
A1 Kremitzki, Colin
A1 Fronick, Catrina
A1 Graves-Lindsay, Tina A.
A1 Fulton, Lucinda
A1 Warren, Wesley C.
A1 Wilson, Richard K.
A1 Owens, Elaine
A1 Womack, James E.
A1 Murphy, William J.
A1 Muzny, Donna M.
A1 Worley, Kim C.
A1 Chowdhary, Bhanu P.
A1 Gibbs, Richard A.
A1 Page, David C.
T1 Sequence analysis in Bos taurus reveals pervasiveness of X–Y arms races in mammalian lineages
JF Genome Research 
JO Genome Research 
YR 2020 
FD December 01 
VO 30 
IS 12 
SP 1716 
OP 1726 
DO 10.1101/gr.269902.120 
UL http://genome.cshlp.org/content/30/12/1716.abstract 
AB Studies of Y Chromosome evolution have focused primarily on gene decay, a consequence of suppression of crossing-over with the X Chromosome. Here, we provide evidence that suppression of X–Y crossing-over unleashed a second dynamic: selfish X–Y arms races that reshaped the sex chromosomes in mammals as different as cattle, mice, and men. Using super-resolution sequencing, we explore the Y Chromosome of Bos taurus (bull) and find it to be dominated by massive, lineage-specific amplification of testis-expressed gene families, making it the most gene-dense Y Chromosome sequenced to date. As in mice, an X-linked homolog of a bull Y-amplified gene has become testis-specific and amplified. This evolutionary convergence implies that lineage-specific X–Y coevolution through gene amplification, and the selfish forces underlying this phenomenon, were dominatingly powerful among diverse mammalian lineages. Together with Y gene decay, X–Y arms races molded mammalian sex chromosomes and influenced the course of mammalian evolution.