TY  - JOUR
A1  - Cenik, Can
A1  - Cenik, Elif Sarinay
A1  - Byeon, Gun W.
A1  - Grubert, Fabian
A1  - Candille, Sophie I.
A1  - Spacek, Damek
A1  - Alsallakh, Bilal
A1  - Tilgner, Hagen
A1  - Araya, Carlos L.
A1  - Tang, Hua
A1  - Ricci, Emiliano
A1  - Snyder, Michael P.
T1  - Integrative analysis of RNA, translation, and protein levels reveals distinct regulatory variation across humans
Y1  - 2015/11/01 
JF  - Genome Research 
JO  - Genome Research 
SP  - 1610 
EP  - 1621 
DO  - 10.1101/gr.193342.115 
VL  - 25 
IS  - 11 
UR  - http://genome.cshlp.org/content/25/11/1610.abstract 
N2  - Elucidating the consequences of genetic differences between humans is essential for understanding phenotypic diversity and personalized medicine. Although variation in RNA levels, transcription factor binding, and chromatin have been explored, little is known about global variation in translation and its genetic determinants. We used ribosome profiling, RNA sequencing, and mass spectrometry to perform an integrated analysis in lymphoblastoid cell lines from a diverse group of individuals. We find significant differences in RNA, translation, and protein levels suggesting diverse mechanisms of personalized gene expression control. Combined analysis of RNA expression and ribosome occupancy improves the identification of individual protein level differences. Finally, we identify genetic differences that specifically modulate ribosome occupancy—many of these differences lie close to start codons and upstream ORFs. Our results reveal a new level of gene expression variation among humans and indicate that genetic variants can cause changes in protein levels through effects on translation. 
ER  -