TY  - JOUR
A1  - Pedersen, Jakob Skou
A1  - Valen, Eivind
A1  - Velazquez, Amhed M. Vargas
A1  - Parker, Brian J.
A1  - Rasmussen, Morten
A1  - Lindgreen, Stinus
A1  - Lilje, Berit
A1  - Tobin, Desmond J.
A1  - Kelly, Theresa K.
A1  - Vang, Søren
A1  - Andersson, Robin
A1  - Jones, Peter A.
A1  - Hoover, Cindi A.
A1  - Tikhonov, Alexei
A1  - Prokhortchouk, Egor
A1  - Rubin, Edward M.
A1  - Sandelin, Albin
A1  - Gilbert, M. Thomas P.
A1  - Krogh, Anders
A1  - Willerslev, Eske
A1  - Orlando, Ludovic
T1  - Genome-wide nucleosome map and cytosine methylation levels of an ancient human genome
Y1  - 2014/03/01 
JF  - Genome Research 
JO  - Genome Research 
SP  - 454 
EP  - 466 
DO  - 10.1101/gr.163592.113 
VL  - 24 
IS  - 3 
UR  - http://genome.cshlp.org/content/24/3/454.abstract 
N2  - Epigenetic information is available from contemporary organisms, but is difficult to track back in evolutionary time. Here, we show that genome-wide epigenetic information can be gathered directly from next-generation sequence reads of DNA isolated from ancient remains. Using the genome sequence data generated from hair shafts of a 4000-yr-old Paleo-Eskimo belonging to the Saqqaq culture, we generate the first ancient nucleosome map coupled with a genome-wide survey of cytosine methylation levels. The validity of both nucleosome map and methylation levels were confirmed by the recovery of the expected signals at promoter regions, exon/intron boundaries, and CTCF sites. The top-scoring nucleosome calls revealed distinct DNA positioning biases, attesting to nucleotide-level accuracy. The ancient methylation levels exhibited high conservation over time, clustering closely with modern hair tissues. Using ancient methylation information, we estimated the age at death of the Saqqaq individual and illustrate how epigenetic information can be used to infer ancient gene expression. Similar epigenetic signatures were found in other fossil material, such as 110,000- to 130,000-yr-old bones, supporting the contention that ancient epigenomic information can be reconstructed from a deep past. Our findings lay the foundation for extracting epigenomic information from ancient samples, allowing shifts in epialleles to be tracked through evolutionary time, as well as providing an original window into modern epigenomics. 
ER  -