RT Journal
A1 Kunin, Victor
A1 He, Shaomei
A1 Warnecke, Falk
A1 Peterson, S. Brook
A1 Garcia Martin, Hector
A1 Haynes, Matthew
A1 Ivanova, Natalia
A1 Blackall, Linda L.
A1 Breitbart, Mya
A1 Rohwer, Forest
A1 McMahon, Katherine D.
A1 Hugenholtz, Philip
T1 A bacterial metapopulation adapts locally to phage predation despite global dispersal
JF Genome Research 
JO Genome Research 
YR 2008 
FD February 01 
VO 18 
IS 2 
SP 293 
OP 297 
DO 10.1101/gr.6835308 
UL http://genome.cshlp.org/content/18/2/293.abstract 
AB Using a combination of bacterial and phage-targeted metagenomics, we analyzed two geographically remote sludge bioreactors enriched in a single bacterial species Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis (CAP). We inferred unrestricted global movement of this species and identified aquatic ecosystems as the primary environmental reservoirs facilitating dispersal. Highly related and geographically remote CAP strains differed principally in genomic regions encoding phage defense mechanisms. We found that CAP populations were high density, clonal, and nonrecombining, providing natural targets for “kill-the-winner” phage predation. Community expression analysis demonstrated that phages were consistently active in the bioreactor community. Genomic signatures linking CAP to past phage exposures were observed mostly between local phage and host. We conclude that CAP strains disperse globally but must adapt to phage predation pressure locally.