TY  - JOUR
A1  - Torrents, David
A1  - Suyama, Mikita
A1  - Zdobnov, Evgeny
A1  - Bork, Peer
T1  - A Genome-Wide Survey of Human Pseudogenes
Y1  - 2003/12/01 
JF  - Genome Research 
JO  - Genome Research 
SP  - 2559 
EP  - 2567 
DO  - 10.1101/gr.1455503 
VL  - 13 
IS  - 12 
UR  - http://genome.cshlp.org/content/13/12/2559.abstract 
N2  - We screened all intergenic regions in the human genome to identify pseudogenes with a combination of homology searches and a functionality test using the ratio of silent to replacement nucleotide substitutions (KA/KS). We identified 19,724 regions of which 95% ± 3% are estimated to evolve neutrally and thus are likely to encode pseudogenes. Half of these have no detectable truncation in their pseudocoding regions and therefore are not identifiable by methods that require the presence of truncations to prove nonfunctionality. A comparative analysis with the mouse genome showed that 70% of these pseudogenes have a retrotranspositional origin (processed), and the rest arose by segmental duplication (nonprocessed). Although the spread of both types of pseudogenes correlates with chromosome size, nonprocessed pseudogenes appear to be enriched in regions with high gene density. It is likely that the human pseudogenes identified here represent only a small fraction of the total, which probably exceeds the number of genes. 
ER  -