RT Journal
A1 Suzuki, Yutaka
A1 Tsunoda, Tatsuhiko
A1 Sese, Jun
A1 Taira, Hirotoshi
A1 Mizushima-Sugano, Junko
A1 Hata, Hiroko
A1 Ota, Toshio
A1 Isogai, Takao
A1 Tanaka, Toshihiro
A1 Nakamura, Yusuke
A1 Suyama, Akira
A1 Sakaki, Yoshiyuki
A1 Morishita, Shinichi
A1 Okubo, Kousaku
A1 Sugano, Sumio
T1 Identification and Characterization of the Potential Promoter Regions of 1031 Kinds of Human Genes
JF Genome Research 
JO Genome Research 
YR 2001 
FD May 01 
VO 11 
IS 5 
SP 677 
OP 684 
DO 10.1101/gr.164001 
UL http://genome.cshlp.org/content/11/5/677.abstract 
AB To understand the mechanism of transcriptional regulation, it is essential to identify and characterize the promoter, which is located proximal to the mRNA start site. To identify the promoters from the large volumes of genomic sequences, we used mRNA start sites determined by a large-scale sequencing of the cDNA libraries constructed by the “oligo-capping” method. We aligned the mRNA start sites with the genomic sequences and retrieved adjacent sequences as potential promoter regions (PPRs) for 1031 genes. The PPR sequences were searched to determine the frequencies of major promoter elements. Among 1031 PPRs, 329 (32%) contained TATA boxes, 872 (85%) contained initiators, 999 (97%) contained GC box, and 663 (64%) contained CAAT box. Furthermore, 493 (48%) PPRs were located in CpG islands. This frequency of CpG islands was reduced in TATA+/Inr+PPRs and in the PPRs of ubiquitously expressed genes. In the PPRs of the CGM2 gene, the DRA gene, and theTM30pl genes, which showed highly colon specific expression patterns, the consensus sequences of E boxes were commonly observed. The PPRs were also useful for exploring promoter SNPs.[The nucleotide sequences described in this paper have been deposited in the DDBJ, EMBL, and GenBank data libraries under accession nos.AU098358–AU100608.]